About this topic
Australian governments, non-government and private organisations provide funding for mental health and suicide prevention-related services for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people (Indigenous Australians). Government-funded services include consultations with specialist medical practitioners, general practitioners and psychologists, residential care in hospital, and community mental health care services (AIHW 2018).
Australian governments provide 78% of all Indigenous Australian health expenditure, compared with 70% for non-Indigenous health care (AIHW 2020a). Non-government and other private-sector organisations also provide services to Indigenous Australians, but data for these are neither nationally collected nor publicly reported.
Access to services compared to need
Indigenous Australians experience poorer health than non-Indigenous Australians, but they do not always have the same level of access to health services and do not share equally in the benefits of health care advances. Indigenous Australians face barriers that other groups do not (AIHW & NIAA 2020). This can be due to remoteness and affordability (AIHW 2021a).
Defining and measuring access to health care is complex. Measures must consider the availability and supply of services as well as financial, organisational, social and cultural barriers that limit the use of services (Gulliford et al. 2002).
Levesque and others (2013) identified 2 main factors that affect access to health services:
- characteristics that facilitate access (approachable, acceptable, available, affordable and appropriate)
- the individual’s abilities to interact with services, such as the ability to perceive, seek, reach, pay and engage with services.
Historically, Indigenous Australians have experienced mistreatment by mainstream health services. Diagnoses of mental illness have been used to disempower marginalised groups, including Indigenous peoples (Dudgeon et al. 2014). These historical factors have contributed to distrust and avoidance of mainstream health services (Canuto et al. 2018; Dudgeon et al. 2014).
There are also cultural differences in the understanding of mental health conditions, which can discourage Indigenous Australians from seeking help from clinical services.
Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians may have different understandings of the causes, expressions and treatments of mental health conditions, such as depression (Brown et al. 2012; Vicary & Westerman 2004). For example, spiritual healing from a cultural healer may be needed for a mental health condition that is seen to have a spiritual cause (Ypinazar et al. 2007). Services that do not recognise these issues may offer ineffective treatments that cause Indigenous Australians to feel disempowered when seeking help (Bishop et al. 2012).
Indigenous Australians must have access to culturally appropriate care. This can establish an environment that is responsive and respectful to any social, political, linguistic, economic and spiritual concerns of Indigenous Australians (Kirmayer 2012; McGough et al. 2018). An Indigenous mental health workforce can build trust in mental health services and improve mental health outcomes for Indigenous Australians by enabling self-determination (Dudgeon et al. 2014).
Connection to community, body and culture
Connection to community, body and culture are 3 of the 7 domains of social and emotional wellbeing for Indigenous Australians.
Social and emotional wellbeing is a holistic way of looking at relationships between individuals, family, kin and community in the context of land, culture, spirituality and ancestry. Cultural groups and individuals each have their own interpretation of social and emotional wellbeing (Gee et al. 2014).
Self-governance and community-controlled services can support community wellbeing. These services also support physical health and connection to body by providing access to culturally safe, culturally competent and effective health services and professionals.
Mental health care must be conducted in a culturally safe and supportive way. Services that are not culturally safe are a risk factor for connection to culture. Health care that is provided in a way that is respectful of cultural practices can better facilitate feelings of safety and understanding.
Cultural safety
In Australian research, there are various definitions of cultural safety and what it means in relation to the provision of health care.
The Cultural Respect Framework 2016–26 defines cultural safety as: ‘not [being] defined by the health professional, but is defined by the health consumer’s experience—the individual’s experience of care they are given, ability to access services and to raise concerns’.
The framework outlines the essential features of cultural safety, including:
- understanding one’s culture
- acknowledging difference, and requiring caregivers to be actively mindful and respectful of differences
- being informed by a theory of power relations
- appreciating the historical context of colonisation, the practices of racism at individual and institutional levels, and their effects on Indigenous Australians’ living and wellbeing, both in the present and past (AHMAC 2016).
The cultural safety of Indigenous Australian health care users cannot be improved in isolation. The structures, policies and processes across the health system all play a role in delivering culturally respectful health care. They require:
- organisational commitments to provide culturally safe care
- appropriate communication and services
- Indigenous workforce development and training
- client and community feedback
- collaboration with Indigenous organisations.
The extent to which health care systems and providers are aware of and responsive to Indigenous Australians’ perspectives determines health care outcomes.
Self-determination
Self-determination is the process by which communities control their destinies, particularly in relation to political status and economic, social and cultural development (AHRC 2010). For the people in those communities, this means the freedom to live well and according to their own values and beliefs (AHRC 2010).
In Australia, this is particularly important for Indigenous Australian communities, many of which have experienced destruction of traditional governance structures through colonisation and dispossession (Salmon et al. 2019).
Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation/Service (ACCHO, ACCHS)
Community control is a process that allows the local community to be involved in its affairs in accordance with whatever protocols or procedures are determined by the community.
Aboriginal community control has its origins in Aboriginal peoples’ right to self-determination. This includes the right to be involved in health service delivery and decision-making according to protocols or procedures determined by Aboriginal communities based on their holistic definition of health.
An ACCHO is:
- an incorporated Aboriginal organisation
- initiated by a local Aboriginal community
- based in a local Aboriginal community
- governed by an Aboriginal body that is elected by the local Aboriginal community
- delivering a holistic and culturally appropriate health service to the community that controls it.
Key statistics
The information presented above is from survey data. Counts refer to survey respondents. See the downloadable excel workbook for notes related to these data and for alternative text.
In 2020–21, Indigenous Australians:
- had contact with community mental health care services at more than 3 times the rate for non-Indigenous Australians
- experienced episodes of care in residential mental health care facilities at more than double the rate for non-Indigenous Australians
- presented to emergency departments for mental health-related diagnoses at more than 4 times the rate for non-Indigenous Australians.
In 2019–20, Indigenous Australians had higher rates of same-day and overnight hospital separations for specialised psychiatric care than non-Indigenous Australians (AIHW 2022c, 2022e).
The rate of community mental health care service contacts by Indigenous Australians has increased from 669.2 per 1,000 population (458,568 contacts) in 2010–11 to 1,372.9 per 1,000 population (1,147,020 contacts) in 2020–21. The rate of residential mental health care episodes by Indigenous Australians also increased from 1.9 per 10,000 population (121 episodes) in 2010–11 to 8.3 per 10,000 population (658 episodes) in 2020–21 (AIHW 2022a, 2022d).
In 2017–18, approximately 2 out of 3 (68% or 134 organisations) Indigenous primary health organisations reported access to mental health and social and emotional health and wellbeing services as a gap faced by the community they served. The proportion of Indigenous primary health organisations reporting this gap has increased from 54% (110 organisations) in 2013–14 (AIHW 2020b).